Esther 9:20

Authorized King James Version

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And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far,

Original Language Analysis

וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב wrote H3789
וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב wrote
Strong's: H3789
Word #: 1 of 17
to grave, by implication, to write (describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe)
מָרְדֳּכַ֔י And Mordecai H4782
מָרְדֳּכַ֔י And Mordecai
Strong's: H4782
Word #: 2 of 17
mordecai, an israelite
אֶת H853
אֶת
Strong's: H853
Word #: 3 of 17
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
הַדְּבָרִ֖ים these things H1697
הַדְּבָרִ֖ים these things
Strong's: H1697
Word #: 4 of 17
a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
הָאֵ֑לֶּה H428
הָאֵ֑לֶּה
Strong's: H428
Word #: 5 of 17
these or those
וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח and sent H7971
וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח and sent
Strong's: H7971
Word #: 6 of 17
to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
סְפָרִ֜ים letters H5612
סְפָרִ֜ים letters
Strong's: H5612
Word #: 7 of 17
properly, writing (the art or a document); by implication, a book
אֶל H413
אֶל
Strong's: H413
Word #: 8 of 17
near, with or among; often in general, to
כָּל H3605
כָּל
Strong's: H3605
Word #: 9 of 17
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
הַיְּהוּדִ֗ים unto all the Jews H3064
הַיְּהוּדִ֗ים unto all the Jews
Strong's: H3064
Word #: 10 of 17
a jehudite (i.e., judaite or jew), or descendant of jehudah (i.e., judah)
אֲשֶׁר֙ H834
אֲשֶׁר֙
Strong's: H834
Word #: 11 of 17
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc
בְּכָל H3605
בְּכָל
Strong's: H3605
Word #: 12 of 17
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
מְדִינוֹת֙ that were in all the provinces H4082
מְדִינוֹת֙ that were in all the provinces
Strong's: H4082
Word #: 13 of 17
properly, a judgeship, i.e., jurisdiction; by implication, a district (as ruled by a judge); generally, a region
הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ of the king H4428
הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ of the king
Strong's: H4428
Word #: 14 of 17
a king
אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ Ahasuerus H325
אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ Ahasuerus
Strong's: H325
Word #: 15 of 17
achashverosh (i.e., ahasuerus or artaxerxes, but in this case xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a persian king
הַקְּרוֹבִ֖ים both nigh H7138
הַקְּרוֹבִ֖ים both nigh
Strong's: H7138
Word #: 16 of 17
near (in place, kindred or time)
וְהָֽרְחוֹקִֽים׃ and far H7350
וְהָֽרְחוֹקִֽים׃ and far
Strong's: H7350
Word #: 17 of 17
remote, literally or figuratively, of place or time; specifically, precious; often used adverbially (with preposition)

Analysis & Commentary

And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far, Mordecai formalized Purim observance by writing and distributing letters throughout the empire, ensuring all Jews would know to celebrate annually. The phrase "both nigh and far" emphasizes comprehensiveness—every Jewish community should participate. This official communication from Mordecai, now the king's second-in-command (8:2, 15; 10:3), carried authority. His action transformed spontaneous celebration into permanent institution. The written letters ensured accurate transmission across distances and generations. Mordecai's leadership extended beyond crisis management to creating lasting memorial of God's deliverance.

Historical Context

Mordecai's position as highest-ranking Jewish official in the empire gave him authority to establish religious observances. The letter-writing mirrors how royal decrees were distributed (3:13; 8:10)—using the imperial communication network to establish a Jewish festival. Ancient Jewish festivals commemorated God's redemptive acts (Passover, Tabernacles, Dedication/Hanukkah), and Purim joined this tradition. The written nature of the command ensured preservation—oral tradition could be forgotten or corrupted, but written texts survived. Jewish communities worldwide still celebrate Purim annually based on Mordecai's letters establishing it.

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