Ecclesiastes 9:4

Authorized King James Version

For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a living dog is better than a dead lion.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
כִּי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#2
מִי֙
For
who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix
#3
אֲשֶׁ֣ר
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc
#4
יְבֻחַּ֔ר
properly, to try, i.e., (by implication) select
#5
אֶ֥ל
near, with or among; often in general, to
#6
כָּל
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
#7
חַי֙
for a living
alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or livin
#8
יֵ֣שׁ
to him that is
there is or are (or any other form of the verb to be, as may suit the connection)
#9
בִּטָּח֑וֹן
there is hope
trust
#10
כִּֽי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#11
לְכֶ֤לֶב
dog
a dog; hence (by euphemism) a male prostitute
#12
חַי֙
for a living
alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or livin
#13
ה֣וּא
he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo
#14
ט֔וֹב
is better
good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good
#15
מִן
properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses
#16
הָאַרְיֵ֖ה
lion
a lion
#17
הַמֵּֽת׃
than a dead
to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

Analysis

The salvation theme here intersects with the metanarrative of redemption running from Genesis to Revelation. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of a unified storyline from the promise in Genesis 3:15 to its fulfillment in Christ. The phrase emphasizing hope contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's saving work from the Exodus to the cross.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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