Ecclesiastes 6:4
For he cometh in with vanity, and departeth in darkness, and his name shall be covered with darkness.
Original Language Analysis
Historical Context
Ancient cultures had various burial and memorial practices for stillborns—some provided minimal burial, others none at all, reflecting the child's lack of social identity. The emphasis on darkness and namelessness reflects ancient values: identity came through name, legacy, and memorial. A stillborn had no name to perpetuate, no achievements to remember, no descendants to carry on family line. Yet Ecclesiastes provocatively suggests this anonymity is preferable to a life that accumulates blessings without capacity for enjoyment. This challenges ancient (and modern) assumptions that mere existence, longevity, and accumulation constitute inherent goods regardless of quality of life or relationship with God.
Questions for Reflection
- How does this verse challenge the modern assumption that existence is always preferable to non-existence, regardless of life's quality or meaning?
- What does the comparison between a stillborn and a blessed but unsatisfied person teach about what truly gives life value and meaning?
Analysis & Commentary
Continuing the comparison, the Preacher describes the stillborn's experience: For he cometh in with vanity (כִּי־בַהֶבֶל בָּא, ki-vahevel ba)—the stillborn arrives with the same hevel (vapor/breath/vanity) that characterizes all earthly existence. And departeth in darkness (וּבַחֹשֶׁךְ יֵלֵךְ, u-vachoshekh yelekh)—it passes immediately from womb to grave without experiencing life's light. And his name shall be covered with darkness (וּבַחֹשֶׁךְ שְׁמוֹ יְכֻסֶּה, u-vachoshekh shemo yekhuseh)—nameless, unmemorialized, leaving no legacy or reputation.
The stillborn's obscurity seems tragic, yet the Preacher argues it's preferable to a life of blessed accumulation without satisfaction. The triple reference to darkness emphasizes obscurity and non-existence. Yet this very obscurity spares the stillborn from experiencing life's frustrations, laboring without reward, and suffering the peculiar torment of possessing everything while enjoying nothing. The passage assumes that existence without the capacity to enjoy God's good gifts is worse than non-existence—a sobering commentary on what makes life worth living.