1 Timothy 1:20
Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme.
Original Language Analysis
Cross References
Historical Context
Church discipline was standard practice in early Christianity, grounded in Jesus' instructions (Matthew 18:15-20) and apostolic teaching (1 Corinthians 5; 2 Thessalonians 3:6-15). The church was to maintain purity by confronting sin and, when necessary, removing unrepentant members. This discipline served three purposes:
- restoring the sinning individual
- protecting others from doctrinal or moral infection,
- maintaining the church's testimony before the watching world.
Excommunication was serious in the ancient world where identity, community, and livelihood were closely intertwined.
Being expelled from the church meant social isolation, loss of fellowship, and exclusion from communal support. This severity reflected both the seriousness of sin and the preciousness of church membership. Modern Western individualism makes such discipline's impact harder to appreciate.
The willingness to name names publicly—identifying Hymenaeus and Alexander specifically—contrasts with contemporary hesitancy to call out false teachers. Paul understood that protecting the church sometimes requires publicly identifying those who spread destructive error. While general warnings suffice for many situations, sometimes naming individuals is necessary to prevent their influence from spreading.
Questions for Reflection
- How can your church practice biblical discipline with both necessary firmness and redemptive love?
- What specific situations warrant public identification of false teachers, and how should this be done biblically?
- How do you balance extending grace to struggling sinners while maintaining standards for church membership and leadership?
Analysis & Commentary
Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme. Paul names two specific individuals who shipwrecked faith by rejecting good conscience: Hymenaeus and Alexander. Hymenaeus appears again in 2 Timothy 2:17-18 as teaching that the resurrection had already occurred, overthrowing some people's faith. Alexander may be the coppersmith who did Paul great harm (2 Timothy 4:14), though this was a common name. Both represent actual persons whose public doctrinal error required public discipline.
Paul states he "delivered unto Satan" (paredōka tō Satana, παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ) these men. This phrase appears also in 1 Corinthians 5:5 regarding the incestuous man. It refers to formal excommunication from the church, removing them from the spiritual protection and blessing of the Christian community and placing them back in Satan's domain (the world outside the church). This isn't vindictive but remedial—designed to produce repentance.
The purpose clause "that they may learn not to blaspheme" (hina paideuosin mē blasphēmein, ἵνα παιδευθῶσι μὴ βλασφημεῖν) reveals discipline's redemptive intent. The verb paideuō (παιδεύω) means to train, discipline, or instruct—often through corrective suffering. "Blaspheme" (blasphēmein, βλασφημεῖν) likely refers to their false teaching which dishonored God and Christ. Church discipline aims at restoration, not merely punishment, though the process may be severe.