Exodus 21:31
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Exodus 21:31
31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
Chapter Context
Exodus 21 is a narrative with legal sections chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of faith, sacrifice, judgment. Written during the Egyptian bondage and wilderness wandering (c. 1446-1406 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Egypt was the dominant superpower with a complex polytheistic religion and a god-king pharaoh.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-36: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it addresses timeless questions about faith, suffering, and divine purpose. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Exodus and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Exodus 21:31
31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
Analysis
Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
This judgment (mishpat) from the Book of the Covenant applies moral law to civil society. God's justice is comprehensive—addressing economic disputes, family relations, and community welfare. The case laws teach covenant people how to love God and neighbor practically. Through detailed ordinances, God shapes Israel as holy nation, distinct from pagan neighbors. These laws reveal God's character: just, merciful, concerned with details of everyday life.
Historical Context
The Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22-23:33) is Israel's foundational legal code, predating later expansions in Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It addresses civil, criminal, and ceremonial matters.
Reflection
- How does this law reveal God's character—His justice, mercy, or holiness?
- What New Testament principles build upon or fulfill this Old Testament regulation?
Word Studies
- Judgment: מִשְׁפָּט (Mishpat) H4941 - Judgment, justice