Exodus 21:1
A focused desk for reading, commentary, cross-references, original language notes, and your own observations.
Exodus 21:1
1 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
Chapter Context
Exodus 21 is a narrative with legal sections chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of redemption, love, covenant. Written during the Egyptian bondage and wilderness wandering (c. 1446-1406 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Egypt was the dominant superpower with a complex polytheistic religion and a god-king pharaoh.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
- Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
- Verses 6-12: Development of key themes
- Verses 13-20: Central message and teachings
- Verses 21-36: Conclusion and application
This chapter is significant because it provides guidance for worship and spiritual devotion. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Exodus and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Verse Study
Exodus 21:1
1 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
Analysis
Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
'Judgments' (מִשְׁפָּטִים, mishpatim) means judicial decisions, case laws, ordinances—applications of the Decalogue's principles to specific situations. The Ten Words (ch. 20) provide foundation; the mishpatim build the superstructure of covenant community life. 'Set before them' (תָּשִׂים לִפְנֵיהֶם, tasim lifneihem) echoes 19:7—formal presentation for acceptance. These aren't suggestions but divine legislation governing Israel's society. The mishpatim reveal God's justice: protecting the vulnerable (slaves, widows, aliens), limiting revenge (lex talionis), and establishing due process. Unlike Hammurabi's Code (which predates Moses), these laws ground justice in God's character, not king's decree.
Historical Context
The Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22-23:33) is Israel's first legal code, given immediately after the Decalogue. The mishpatim address civil, criminal, and ceremonial matters, creating comprehensive covenant society.
Reflection
- How do the mishpatim (case laws) apply the Decalogue's principles to everyday life?
- What does God giving detailed legal codes teach about His concern for justice in society?
Word Studies
- Judgment: מִשְׁפָּט (Mishpat) H4941 - Judgment, justice
Cross-References
- Judgment: Deuteronomy 4:14, 6:20