Verse-by-verse analysis and insights from the Authorized King James Version (KJV)
Note: This AI-powered commentary is generated based on historical, theological, and scholarly sources. It's designed to assist your study but should not replace personal reflection and traditional commentaries.
Chapter Overview
Psalms 23 is a trust psalm chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of fellowship, righteousness, covenant.
Written during various periods (c. 1000-400 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Temple worship utilized these compositions across various periods of Israel's history.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
Verses 1-5: Introduction and setting the context
Verses 6-6: Development of key themes
This chapter is significant because it contributes to the biblical metanarrative of redemption.
When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Psalms
and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. This opening declaration establishes both the fundamental relationship (Lord as shepherd, believer as sheep) and its primary consequence (complete sufficiency). The Hebrew word for "Lord" here is Yahweh (ΧΧΧΧ), the covenant name of God, emphasizing not just divine power but divine faithfulness to His promises.
The metaphor of God as shepherd was deeply rooted in Hebrew thought and ancient Near Eastern royal ideology. Kings were often called shepherds of their people (Ezekiel 34:1-10). David, himself a shepherd before becoming king, understood both the tender care and protective authority required. The verb "shepherd" (ra'ah, Χ¨Χ’Χ) implies not passive watching but active guidance, protection, and provision.
The phrase "I shall not want" (lo echsar, ΧΧ ΧΧΧ‘Χ¨) uses a strong Hebrew negative, meaning "I shall certainly not lack." This isn't a promise of luxury but of sufficiencyβevery true need will be met. The psalmist's confidence rests not in circumstances but in the character and commitment of his divine Shepherd.
Psalm 23 likely originates from David's experience as both shepherd and king. Archaeological evidence reveals that shepherding in ancient Palestine required constant vigilance against predators (lions, bears, wolves) and environmental dangers (cliffs, sudden storms, poisonous plants). Shepherds risked their lives for their flocks, often sleeping in caves or under stars to guard against night attacks.
The psalm's imagery would have resonated powerfully with David's original audience, many of whom lived in pastoral settings. The metaphor also connected to Israel's understanding of God's relationship with the nationβHe had shepherded them out of Egypt, through the wilderness, and into the Promised Land. Royal psalms often used shepherd imagery to describe ideal kingship (Psalm 78:70-72).
For exiled or oppressed Israelites in later periods, this psalm provided comfort by affirming God's continued care despite apparent abandonment. The shepherd metaphor assured them that their divine King remained attentive to their needs even in foreign lands.
Study Questions - Verse 1
How does understanding God as our shepherd change our perspective on guidance, protection, and provision in daily life?
What does it mean practically to 'not want' when we clearly experience desires and needs that seem unmet?
How does the personal, intimate nature of this psalm ('my shepherd') balance with understanding God's universal sovereignty?
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.
Analysis - Verse 2
Within the broader context of Psalms, this passage highlights worship and praise through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Psalms.
This passage must be understood within the Israelite monarchy with its court politics and military conflicts. The author writes to address worshipers in the temple and those seeking God in times of distress, making the emphasis on worship and praise particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.
Study Questions - Verse 2
How does the worship and praise theme in this verse connect to the overarching narrative of Scripture, and what does this reveal about God's character and purposes?
In what ways does understanding divine revelation in its original context challenge or deepen contemporary Christian thinking about worship and praise?
What practical applications emerge from understanding worship and praise as presented in this verse, particularly in light of contemporary challenges facing the church and individual believers?
He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
Analysis - Verse 3
The worship and praise theme here intersects with the broader canonical witness to God's character and purposes. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation that finds its culmination in Christ. The phrase emphasizing righteousness contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's consistent character and purposes.
The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood righteousness. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Temple archaeology and ancient musical instruments illuminate the liturgical context of Israelite worship.
Study Questions - Verse 3
In what ways does understanding righteousness in its original context challenge or deepen contemporary Christian thinking about worship and praise?
How might the original audience's understanding of righteousness differ from modern interpretations, and what bridges can be built between ancient meaning and contemporary application?
How does this passage contribute to our understanding of the progressive revelation of God's purposes throughout Scripture, and what implications does this have for Christian discipleship?
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Analysis - Verse 4
The worship and praise theme here intersects with the broader canonical witness to God's character and purposes. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation that finds its culmination in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's consistent character and purposes.
The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Temple archaeology and ancient musical instruments illuminate the liturgical context of Israelite worship.
Study Questions - Verse 4
In what ways does understanding divine revelation in its original context challenge or deepen contemporary Christian thinking about worship and praise?
How might the original audience's understanding of divine revelation differ from modern interpretations, and what bridges can be built between ancient meaning and contemporary application?
How does this passage contribute to our understanding of the progressive revelation of God's purposes throughout Scripture, and what implications does this have for Christian discipleship?
Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.
Analysis - Verse 5
Within the broader context of Psalms, this passage highlights worship and praise through declarative statements that establish theological truth. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of Psalms.
The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood divine revelation. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Temple archaeology and ancient musical instruments illuminate the liturgical context of Israelite worship.
Study Questions - Verse 5
What systematic theological implications arise from this verse's treatment of worship and praise, and how does it contribute to a biblical theology of fundamental Christian doctrine?
In what ways does this verse's emphasis on divine revelation address questions about God's character and purposes in the modern world, and how should the church respond?
How does the worship and praise theme in this verse connect to the overarching narrative of Scripture, and what does this reveal about God's character and purposes?
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever.
Analysis - Verse 6
The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing life contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.
The historical context of the monarchic period, particularly David's reign (c. 1000-970 BCE) provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The Israelite monarchy with its temple worship, court life, and constant military threats created the liturgical and emotional context for these prayers and praises. The ancient Israelite worship practices and court culture would have shaped how the original audience understood life. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.
Study Questions - Verse 6
In what ways does this verse's emphasis on life address the problem of evil and suffering in light of God's goodness, and how should the church respond?
In what ways does understanding life in its original context challenge or deepen contemporary Christian thinking about divine love?
How might the original audience's understanding of life differ from modern interpretations, and what bridges can be built between ancient meaning and contemporary application?
Note: This AI-powered commentary is generated based on historical, theological, and scholarly sources. It's designed to assist your study but should not replace personal reflection and traditional commentaries.
Chapter Overview
Psalms 23 is a trust psalm chapter in the Old Testament that explores themes of fellowship, righteousness, covenant. Written during various periods (c. 1000-400 BCE), this chapter should be understood within its historical context: Temple worship utilized these compositions across various periods of Israel's history.
The chapter can be divided into several sections:
This chapter is significant because it contributes to the biblical metanarrative of redemption. When studying this passage, it's important to consider both its immediate context within Psalms and its broader place in the scriptural canon.
Analysis - Verse 1
The metaphor of God as shepherd was deeply rooted in Hebrew thought and ancient Near Eastern royal ideology. Kings were often called shepherds of their people (Ezekiel 34:1-10). David, himself a shepherd before becoming king, understood both the tender care and protective authority required. The verb "shepherd" (ra'ah, Χ¨Χ’Χ) implies not passive watching but active guidance, protection, and provision.
The phrase "I shall not want" (lo echsar, ΧΧ ΧΧΧ‘Χ¨) uses a strong Hebrew negative, meaning "I shall certainly not lack." This isn't a promise of luxury but of sufficiencyβevery true need will be met. The psalmist's confidence rests not in circumstances but in the character and commitment of his divine Shepherd.
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 1
The psalm's imagery would have resonated powerfully with David's original audience, many of whom lived in pastoral settings. The metaphor also connected to Israel's understanding of God's relationship with the nationβHe had shepherded them out of Egypt, through the wilderness, and into the Promised Land. Royal psalms often used shepherd imagery to describe ideal kingship (Psalm 78:70-72).
For exiled or oppressed Israelites in later periods, this psalm provided comfort by affirming God's continued care despite apparent abandonment. The shepherd metaphor assured them that their divine King remained attentive to their needs even in foreign lands.
Study Questions - Verse 1
Analysis - Verse 2
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 2
Study Questions - Verse 2
Analysis - Verse 3
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 3
Study Questions - Verse 3
Analysis - Verse 4
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 4
Study Questions - Verse 4
Analysis - Verse 5
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 5
Study Questions - Verse 5
Analysis - Verse 6
Cross References
Historical Context - Verse 6
Study Questions - Verse 6