Romans 2:12

Authorized King James Version

For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
ὅσοι
as many as
as (much, great, long, etc.) as
#2
γὰρ
For
properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)
#3
ἀνόμως
without law
lawlessly, i.e., (specially) not amenable to (the jewish) law
#4
ἥμαρτον
have sinned
properly, to miss the mark (and so not share in the prize), i.e., (figuratively) to err, especially (morally) to sin
#5
ἀνόμως
without law
lawlessly, i.e., (specially) not amenable to (the jewish) law
#6
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#7
ἀπολοῦνται
perish
to destroy fully (reflexively, to perish, or lose), literally or figuratively
#8
καὶ
also
and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words
#9
ὅσοι
as many as
as (much, great, long, etc.) as
#10
ἐν
in
"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc
#11
νόμου
the law
law (through the idea of prescriptive usage), genitive case (regulation), specially, (of moses (including the volume); also of the gospel), or figurat
#12
ἥμαρτον
have sinned
properly, to miss the mark (and so not share in the prize), i.e., (figuratively) to err, especially (morally) to sin
#13
διὰ
by
through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)
#14
νόμου
the law
law (through the idea of prescriptive usage), genitive case (regulation), specially, (of moses (including the volume); also of the gospel), or figurat
#15
κριθήσονται·
shall be judged
by implication, to try, condemn, punish

Analysis

The judgment and justice theme here intersects with the broader canonical witness to God's character and purposes. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation that finds its culmination in Christ. The phrase emphasizing divine revelation contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about God's consistent character and purposes.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the cosmopolitan capital of the Roman Empire with diverse populations. The author writes to address a mixed congregation of Jewish and Gentile believers in the imperial capital, making the emphasis on judgment and justice particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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