Psalms 80:10
The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars.
Original Language Analysis
כָּסּ֣וּ
were covered
H3680
כָּסּ֣וּ
were covered
Strong's:
H3680
Word #:
1 of 6
properly, to plump, i.e., fill up hollows; by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy)
הָרִ֣ים
The hills
H2022
הָרִ֣ים
The hills
Strong's:
H2022
Word #:
2 of 6
a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)
Historical Context
Cedar of Lebanon was ancient Near East's premier building material—durable, aromatic, resistant to rot and insects. Solomon's temple, palace, and the House of the Forest of Lebanon all used cedar extensively (1 Kings 6-7). Cedars symbolized strength, permanence, and royal/divine majesty. The metaphorical comparison between Israel's influence and these mighty trees would communicate God's elevation of Israel above natural expectations. During exile or foreign oppression, recalling this past glory both mourned loss and maintained hope for restoration to divinely-intended greatness.
Questions for Reflection
- How does the mixed metaphor (vine with cedar-like branches) communicate God's supernatural blessing beyond natural capabilities?
- What dangers arise when God's people remember past glory during present diminishment—nostalgia vs. hope?
- How can Christians maintain confidence that God can restore supernatural fruitfulness after seasons of devastating loss?
Analysis & Commentary
The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. This verse continues describing Israel's past glory through hyperbolic vineyard imagery. "The hills were covered with the shadow of it" (kasu harim tsillah, כָּסוּ הָרִים צִלָּהּ) uses kasah (כָּסָה, to cover) depicting the vine's extensive canopy. Though vines don't typically shade mountains, the exaggeration emphasizes Israel's widespread influence and prosperity. The imagery suggests blessing extending even to high places traditionally associated with Canaanite worship—Israel's God-given prosperity surpassed surrounding nations' achievements.
"The boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars" (va'anafeha arzey-El, וַעֲנָפֶיהָ אַרְזֵי־אֵל) employs mixed metaphor, shifting from vine to cedars of Lebanon—famed for height, strength, and majesty (1 Kings 5:6; Psalm 29:5; Isaiah 2:13). Arzey-El (אַרְזֵי־אֵל) literally means "cedars of God"—a Hebrew superlative indicating the mightiest cedars. The comparison suggests Israel's branches (tribes, leadership, influence) achieved greatness comparable to Lebanon's legendary trees. Solomon's alliance with Hiram of Tyre to import cedar for temple construction (1 Kings 5:1-12) would resonate with original hearers.
The mixed metaphor (vine producing cedar-like boughs) emphasizes that Israel's greatness transcended natural limitations—only supernatural blessing could produce such extraordinary growth. This sets up the devastating contrast in verse 12: why has God allowed such divinely-cultivated magnificence to be destroyed?