Psalms 109:12

Authorized King James Version

Let there be none to extend mercy unto him: neither let there be any to favour his fatherless children.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
אַל
not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (job 24:25) as a noun, nothing
#2
יְהִי
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#3
ל֭וֹ
H0
#4
מֹשֵׁ֣ךְ
Let there be none to extend
to draw, used in a great variety of applications (including to sow, to sound, to prolong, to develop, to march, to remove, to delay, to be tall, etc.)
#5
חָ֑סֶד
mercy
kindness; by implication (towards god) piety; rarely (by opposition) reproof, or (subject.) beauty
#6
וְֽאַל
not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (job 24:25) as a noun, nothing
#7
יְהִ֥י
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#8
ח֝וֹנֵ֗ן
unto him neither let there be any to favour
properly, to bend or stoop in kindness to an inferior; to favor, bestow; causatively to implore (i.e., move to favor by petition)
#9
לִיתוֹמָֽיו׃
his fatherless children
a bereaved person

Analysis

The divine love theme here intersects with God's covenantal faithfulness demonstrated throughout salvation history. Biblical theology recognizes this as part of progressive revelation from covenant love in the Old Testament to agape love in the New. The phrase emphasizing mercy contributes to our systematic understanding of Christian doctrine and connects to the broader scriptural witness about hesed in the Old Testament and agape in the New Testament.

Historical Context

The literary and historical milieu of ancient Near Eastern poetry and hymnic literature for worship shapes this text's meaning. The historical development of divine love within the theological tradition of Psalms Understanding a worldview centered on covenant relationship between God and His people helps modern readers appreciate why the author emphasizes mercy in this particular way.

Questions for Reflection