Joshua 21:27
And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Beesh-terah with her suburbs; two cities.
Original Language Analysis
Historical Context
Golan became one of six cities of refuge—three east of Jordan (Bezer, Ramoth, Golan) and three west (Kedesh, Shechem, Hebron). These cities were strategically distributed so that any Israelite could reach refuge within one day's journey, demonstrating God's justice balanced with mercy. The refuge system distinguished Israel from surrounding nations where blood vengeance operated without legal constraint.
Bashan was renowned for its fertility and cattle (Psalm 22:12; Amos 4:1). The region came under Israelite control when Moses defeated Og, king of Bashan (Numbers 21:33-35; Deuteronomy 3:1-11). Og was one of the last Rephaim (giants), and his kingdom's conquest demonstrated Yahweh's power over formidable enemies. Placing Gershonite Levites in this formerly pagan stronghold established teaching presence in newly conquered territory.
Archaeologically, Golan has been identified with Sahem el-Jolan, though certainty is difficult. The region remained contested throughout Israelite history, eventually falling to Aramean control before Assyrian conquest. In Jesus' time, the area was called Gaulanitis, and today's Golan Heights retain the ancient name.
Questions for Reflection
- How do the cities of refuge illustrate both God's justice (consequences for bloodshed) and mercy (protection for unintentional killers)?
- What does Levitical administration of refuge cities teach about the connection between spiritual discernment and legal justice?
- In what ways does Christ serve as our ultimate city of refuge from sin's condemnation and Satan's accusations?
Related Resources
Explore related topics, people, and study resources to deepen your understanding of this passage.
Analysis & Commentary
And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Beesh-terah with her suburbs; two cities.
The Gershonites were the second division of Levites, descended from Gershon (or Gershom), Moses' eldest son (Exodus 2:22). Their allocation began with two cities from the half-tribe of Manasseh settled east of the Jordan. Golan in Bashan held double significance: a Levitical city and a ir miklat (עִיר מִקְלָט, "city of refuge") where those guilty of unintentional manslaughter could flee from blood avengers (Numbers 35:9-15).
The Hebrew Golan (גּוֹלָן) possibly derives from galah (גָּלָה, "to uncover" or "exile"), though etymology remains uncertain. Golan's location in Bashan—rich pastureland northeast of the Sea of Galilee—placed it in strategic territory known for its cattle and oaks (Deuteronomy 32:14; Ezekiel 27:6). Cities of refuge required Levitical administration because adjudicating between murder and manslaughter demanded legal expertise and spiritual discernment (Numbers 35:24-25).
Beesh-terah (בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָה) is called Ashtaroth in 1 Chronicles 6:71, likely named after the Canaanite goddess Ashtoreth. The name change or variation may reflect Israelite renaming to avoid pagan associations—a common pattern when Israel conquered Canaanite cities. Levitical presence in former centers of Baal-Ashtoreth worship symbolized Yahweh's triumph over false gods and sanctification of conquered territory.