Esther 8:10

Authorized King James Version

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And he wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by posts on horseback, and riders on mules, camels, and young dromedaries:

Original Language Analysis

וַיִּכְתֹּ֗ב And he wrote H3789
וַיִּכְתֹּ֗ב And he wrote
Strong's: H3789
Word #: 1 of 17
to grave, by implication, to write (describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe)
בְּשֵׁם֙ name H8034
בְּשֵׁם֙ name
Strong's: H8034
Word #: 2 of 17
an appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ in the king H4428
הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ in the king
Strong's: H4428
Word #: 3 of 17
a king
אֲחַשְׁוֵרֹ֔שׁ Ahasuerus H325
אֲחַשְׁוֵרֹ֔שׁ Ahasuerus
Strong's: H325
Word #: 4 of 17
achashverosh (i.e., ahasuerus or artaxerxes, but in this case xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a persian king
וַיַּחְתֹּ֖ם and sealed H2856
וַיַּחְתֹּ֖ם and sealed
Strong's: H2856
Word #: 5 of 17
to close up; especially to seal
בְּטַבַּ֣עַת ring H2885
בְּטַבַּ֣עַת ring
Strong's: H2885
Word #: 6 of 17
properly, a seal (as sunk into the wax), i.e., signet (for sealing); hence (generally) a ring of any kind
הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ in the king H4428
הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ in the king
Strong's: H4428
Word #: 7 of 17
a king
וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח and sent H7971
וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח and sent
Strong's: H7971
Word #: 8 of 17
to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
סְפָרִ֡ים letters H5612
סְפָרִ֡ים letters
Strong's: H5612
Word #: 9 of 17
properly, writing (the art or a document); by implication, a book
בְּיַד֩ by H3027
בְּיַד֩ by
Strong's: H3027
Word #: 10 of 17
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
הָֽרָצִ֨ים posts H7323
הָֽרָצִ֨ים posts
Strong's: H7323
Word #: 11 of 17
to run (for whatever reason, especially to rush)
בַּסּוּסִ֜ים on horseback H5483
בַּסּוּסִ֜ים on horseback
Strong's: H5483
Word #: 12 of 17
a horse (as leaping)
רֹֽכְבֵ֤י and riders H7392
רֹֽכְבֵ֤י and riders
Strong's: H7392
Word #: 13 of 17
to ride (on an animal or in a vehicle); causatively, to place upon (for riding or generally), to despatch
הָרֶ֙כֶשׁ֙ on mules H7409
הָרֶ֙כֶשׁ֙ on mules
Strong's: H7409
Word #: 14 of 17
a relay of animals on a post-route (as stored up for that purpose); by implication, a courser
הָֽאֲחַשְׁתְּרָנִ֔ים camels H327
הָֽאֲחַשְׁתְּרָנִ֔ים camels
Strong's: H327
Word #: 15 of 17
a mule
בְּנֵ֖י and young H1121
בְּנֵ֖י and young
Strong's: H1121
Word #: 16 of 17
a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or
הָֽרַמָּכִֽים׃ dromedaries H7424
הָֽרַמָּכִֽים׃ dromedaries
Strong's: H7424
Word #: 17 of 17
a brood mare

Analysis & Commentary

And he wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by posts on horseback, and riders on mules, camels, and young dromedaries: The decree went forth with full royal authority (king's name and ring) via the fastest courier system available. The detailed list of animals—horses, mules, camels, young dromedaries—emphasizes the urgency and speed of delivery. Using multiple types of fast animals ensured the message spread throughout the vast empire as rapidly as possible. This urgency contrasts with Haman's decree, which merely went by "posts" (3:13). Mordecai ensured Jews learned of their right to defend themselves with maximum speed. Providence works through practical means like efficient communication systems to accomplish deliverance.

Historical Context

Persian courier systems were legendary for speed and efficiency. Herodotus famously described Persian messengers: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds"—a statement later adapted as the U.S. Postal Service motto. The use of various fast animals suggests relay systems where fresh mounts enabled rapid long-distance communication. Archaeological evidence from Persepolis administrative tablets documents elaborate courier and communication systems. The "young dromedaries" likely refers to swift camels bred for speed. This infrastructure, built for imperial administration, became instrument for Jewish deliverance. The speed mattered—Jews needed time to prepare defense.

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