Esther 1:15

Authorized King James Version

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What shall we do unto the queen Vashti according to law, because she hath not performed the commandment of the king Ahasuerus by the chamberlains?

Original Language Analysis

כְּדָת֙ according to law H1881
כְּדָת֙ according to law
Strong's: H1881
Word #: 1 of 15
a royal edict or statute
מַֽה H4100
מַֽה
Strong's: H4100
Word #: 2 of 15
properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and
עָשְׂתָ֗ה What shall we do H6213
עָשְׂתָ֗ה What shall we do
Strong's: H6213
Word #: 3 of 15
to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
בַּמַּלְכָּ֖ה unto the queen H4436
בַּמַּלְכָּ֖ה unto the queen
Strong's: H4436
Word #: 4 of 15
a queen
וַשְׁתִּ֑י Vashti H2060
וַשְׁתִּ֑י Vashti
Strong's: H2060
Word #: 5 of 15
vashti, the queen of xerxes
עַ֣ל׀ H5921
עַ֣ל׀
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 6 of 15
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
אֲשֶׁ֣ר H834
אֲשֶׁ֣ר
Strong's: H834
Word #: 7 of 15
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc
לֹֽא H3808
לֹֽא
Strong's: H3808
Word #: 8 of 15
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
עָשְׂתָ֗ה What shall we do H6213
עָשְׂתָ֗ה What shall we do
Strong's: H6213
Word #: 9 of 15
to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
אֶֽת H853
אֶֽת
Strong's: H853
Word #: 10 of 15
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
מַאֲמַר֙ the commandment H3982
מַאֲמַר֙ the commandment
Strong's: H3982
Word #: 11 of 15
something (authoritatively) said, i.e., an edict
הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ of the king H4428
הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ of the king
Strong's: H4428
Word #: 12 of 15
a king
אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ Ahasuerus H325
אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ Ahasuerus
Strong's: H325
Word #: 13 of 15
achashverosh (i.e., ahasuerus or artaxerxes, but in this case xerxes), the title (rather than name) of a persian king
בְּיַ֖ד by H3027
בְּיַ֖ד by
Strong's: H3027
Word #: 14 of 15
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
הַסָּֽרִיסִֽים׃ the chamberlains H5631
הַסָּֽרִיסִֽים׃ the chamberlains
Strong's: H5631
Word #: 15 of 15
a eunuch; by implication, valet (especially of the female apartments), and thus, a minister of state

Analysis & Commentary

Legal question: 'What shall we do unto the queen Vashti according to law, because she hath not performed the commandment of the king Ahasuerus by the chamberlains?' The king asks for legal judgment—what does law require for disobedience to royal command? This legal formulation made the matter official state business rather than private marital dispute. The question's phrasing assumed punishment was necessary; only severity needed determination. This legal proceeding, though unjust from Vashti's perspective (refusing degradation), became mechanism positioning Esther for future salvation of Jews. God's providence works through unjust human legal systems to accomplish His purposes.

Historical Context

Persian law's immutability (Daniel 6:8, 12; Esther 8:8) meant legal decisions, once made and sealed, couldn't be reversed. This made the counselors' advice crucial—their recommendation would become irreversible law. Ancient Near Eastern legal systems emphasized precedent and consistency, making this consultation about proper punishment for disobedience significant beyond Vashti herself. The legal framing transformed personal conflict into constitutional crisis about royal authority and proper social order, elevating stakes and ensuring whatever decision was made would be permanent and binding.

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