Colossians

Introduction

Colossians presents the supremacy and all-sufficiency of Christ with unparalleled majesty, confronting a dangerous syncretism threatening the young church. False teachers were blending Christian faith with Jewish legalism, Greek philosophy, and mystical asceticism—requiring dietary restrictions, Sabbath observance, self-abasement, and worship of angels as intermediaries between God and humanity. Paul responds not by directly refuting each error but by exalting Christ so high that all additions become absurdly unnecessary. Christ is the image of the invisible God, the creator and sustainer of all things, the fullness of deity in bodily form—in Him believers are complete, lacking nothing.

The letter's opening hymn (1:15-20) ranks among Scripture's highest Christological passages, declaring Christ's supremacy over all creation and His reconciling work through the blood of His cross. Paul then applies this theology: if you died with Christ to the elementary principles of the world, why submit to regulations as if still living in it? If you were raised with Christ, set your minds on things above. The sufficiency of Christ demolishes legalism, mysticism, and asceticism—all human attempts to add to what God has fully provided in His Son.

Paul wrote Colossians from Roman imprisonment around AD 60-62, likely at the same time as Ephesians and Philemon. The church at Colossae had been founded not by Paul but by Epaphras, his co-worker who had evangelized the Lycus Valley cities of Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis. When Epaphras reported the false teaching threatening the believers, Paul wrote this letter, sending it with Tychicus and Onesimus. Though Paul had never personally visited Colossae, his pastoral concern and apostolic authority shine throughout the letter.

The Colossian heresy was a complex syncretism combining Jewish elements (circumcision, dietary laws, Sabbaths, festivals) with Greek philosophical speculation (elemental spirits, the material world as evil) and proto-Gnostic mysticism (secret knowledge, visions, angel worship, severe asceticism). The false teachers apparently taught that Christ was insufficient—believers needed additional experiences, knowledge, and practices to achieve full spiritual maturity. Paul's response establishes that Christ is not merely first among many spiritual powers but supreme over all, and believers possess fullness in Him.

Book Outline

• Introduction and Thanksgiving (1:1-14) — Apostolic greeting to the saints at Colossae. Thanksgiving for their faith in Christ, love for the saints, and hope laid up in heaven. Prayer that they be filled with knowledge of God's will, walking worthy of the Lord, bearing fruit, strengthened with power, giving thanks to the Father who has qualified them to share in the inheritance and delivered them from darkness into the kingdom of His beloved Son.
• The Supremacy and Sufficiency of Christ (1:15-23) — The magnificent Christ-hymn: Christ is the image of God, firstborn over creation, creator of all things visible and invisible, sustainer of all, head of the church, first to rise from the dead, possessing all fullness, reconciler of all things through His blood. Believers once alienated and hostile have been reconciled through Christ's physical death to be presented holy if they continue in faith.
• Paul's Ministry of the Mystery (1:24-2:5) — Paul's suffering for the church's sake. His stewardship to make God's word fully known—the mystery hidden for ages now revealed: Christ in you, the hope of glory. Paul's goal is to present everyone mature in Christ, striving with Christ's energy. Though absent in body, Paul rejoices in their good order and firm faith, encouraging them to continue in Christ as they received Him.
• Warning Against False Teaching (2:6-23) — Walk in Christ Jesus the Lord as you received Him, rooted and built up in Him. Beware of philosophy and empty deceit according to human tradition and elemental spirits. In Christ dwells the fullness of deity and believers are complete in Him. United with Him in death and resurrection, forgiven all trespasses, the legal record canceled and nailed to the cross. Christ triumphed over the powers. Let no one judge you regarding food, drink, festivals, new moons, or Sabbaths—these are shadows; Christ is substance. Don't submit to mystical visions or angel worship. Don't follow regulations about what to handle or taste—these have no value against flesh's indulgence.
• The New Life in Christ: Putting Off and Putting On (3:1-17) — Since raised with Christ, seek things above where Christ is seated. Your life is hidden with Christ in God. Put to death the earthly: sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, covetousness. Put away anger, wrath, malice, slander, obscene talk, lying. You have put off the old self and put on the new self, being renewed in knowledge. No ethnic or social distinctions remain—Christ is all in all. Put on compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, patience. Forgive as the Lord forgave you. Above all, put on love. Let Christ's peace rule. Let Christ's word dwell richly. Do all in the name of the Lord Jesus with thanksgiving.
• Christian Households and Relationships (3:18-4:1) — Instructions for transformed household relationships. Wives submit to husbands as fitting in the Lord. Husbands love wives; don't be harsh. Children obey parents in everything. Fathers don't provoke children. Slaves obey earthly masters wholeheartedly, serving the Lord Christ who will give the inheritance. Masters treat slaves justly, knowing you have a Master in heaven.
• Prayer, Witness, and Concluding Exhortations (4:2-6) — Continue steadfastly in prayer with thanksgiving. Pray that God opens doors for the gospel mystery. Walk in wisdom toward outsiders, making the best use of time. Let your speech be gracious, seasoned with salt, knowing how to answer everyone.
• Personal Greetings and Instructions (4:7-18) — Tychicus will tell them about Paul's circumstances. Onesimus, the faithful and beloved brother, is coming with him. Greetings from Aristarchus, Mark, Jesus called Justus, Epaphras, Luke, Demas. Instructions to read this letter in Laodicea and exchange with their letter. Final charge to Archippus. Paul's autographed greeting. Remember my chains. Grace be with you.

Key Themes

• The Supremacy of Christ Over All Creation: Christ is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation—not the first created being but the heir and ruler of all. By Him all things were created in heaven and earth, visible and invisible, thrones and powers and rulers. All things were created through Him and for Him. He exists before all things and holds all things together. No power, no being, no philosophy rivals or supplements Christ.
• The Sufficiency of Christ for Salvation and Sanctification: In Christ dwells all the fullness of deity in bodily form, and believers are complete in Him. No additional knowledge, experience, or ascetic practice is needed. Christ has reconciled all things through His blood. He has disarmed the powers and authorities, triumphing over them by the cross. Believers have been forgiven, made alive with Christ, and delivered from the domain of darkness into the kingdom of God's beloved Son.
• Freedom from Legalism, Mysticism, and Asceticism: Believers have died with Christ to the elementary principles of the world—why then submit to regulations: 'Do not handle, Do not taste, Do not touch'? These regulations have an appearance of wisdom in self-made religion, asceticism, and harsh treatment of the body, but they are of no value against the indulgence of the flesh. Christ is the substance; rituals and regulations are mere shadows.
• Hidden with Christ in God: Believers have died and their life is hidden with Christ in God. When Christ who is our life appears, we will appear with Him in glory. This union with Christ in His death and resurrection is the foundation of the new life. Our true identity and security are found in Christ, seated at God's right hand, far above all earthly troubles and temptations.
• The New Life: Putting Off and Putting On: Having been raised with Christ, believers must put to death what is earthly—sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, covetousness. Put away anger, wrath, malice, slander, obscene talk, lying. The old self with its practices has been put off. Put on the new self, being renewed in knowledge after the image of its creator. Put on compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, patience, forgiveness, and above all, love.
• Christ, the Mystery Hidden and Now Revealed: The mystery hidden for ages and generations but now revealed to the saints is Christ in you, the hope of glory. This mystery—that Gentiles are full members of God's people through Christ—was unknown in previous ages but is now disclosed. Paul's ministry is to proclaim Christ, warning and teaching everyone, that he may present everyone mature in Christ.
• Transformed Relationships in Christ: The gospel transforms every relationship. The new self abolishes ethnic and cultural divisions—there is no Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; Christ is all and in all. Household relationships are renewed: wives submit, husbands love, children obey, fathers don't provoke, slaves serve wholeheartedly, masters treat slaves justly.
• Doing Everything in the Name of the Lord Jesus: Whatever believers do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through Him. This comprehensive principle governs Christian life—every sphere, every activity, every relationship comes under Christ's lordship. Work is done not to please men but serving the Lord Christ. The Christian life is worship rendered to Christ in all things.

Key Verses

Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: And he is before all things, and by him all things consist.

To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory.

For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power.

And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross.

And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it.

If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God. Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God.

Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in all.

And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.

Historical Context

Colossae was a city in the Lycus Valley of Phrygia in the Roman province of Asia (modern western Turkey), about 100 miles east of Ephesus. Though once commercially important, by Paul's time it had declined in significance compared to nearby Laodicea and Hierapolis. The church had not been founded by Paul but by Epaphras, probably converted during Paul's extended ministry in Ephesus (Acts 19). Epaphras had evangelized his hometown and surrounding cities, and the believers met in homes, including that of Philemon (Philemon 2).

Paul wrote Colossians during his Roman imprisonment, likely around AD 60-62 (Acts 28). The letter is part of the 'Prison Epistles' along with Ephesians, Philippians, and Philemon. Epaphras had traveled to Rome, bringing news of the church and the false teaching threatening it (1:7-8; 4:12-13). Paul sent the letter with Tychicus and Onesimus (4:7-9), apparently at the same time as Ephesians (similar carrier) and Philemon (concerning Onesimus).

The false teaching at Colossae was syncretistic, combining elements from multiple sources. Jewish features included requirements for circumcision (2:11), dietary restrictions (2:16), Sabbath observance (2:16), and concern for festivals and new moons (2:16). Greek philosophical elements included speculation about 'elemental spirits' (2:8, 20) and treating the material world as inferior or evil, leading to asceticism (2:21-23). Proto-Gnostic mystical features included claims to special knowledge, visions and revelations (2:18), self-abasement, and worship of angels as intermediaries between God and humanity (2:18).

This 'philosophy' (2:8) apparently taught that Christ alone was insufficient—believers needed additional knowledge, experiences, and practices to achieve spiritual maturity or access to God. Angels were venerated as spiritual powers controlling cosmic forces; ascetic practices were pursued to achieve enlightenment; regulations and rituals were required for spiritual progress. This teaching threatened the gospel's sufficiency and Christ's supremacy.

Literary Style

Colossians opens with one of Paul's most magnificent theological passages—the Christ-hymn of 1:15-20, which may reflect an early Christian hymn or confession. Its elevated language, parallelism, and theological density suggest liturgical origins. The passage's structure presents Christ's supremacy over creation (vv. 15-17) and the church (vv. 18-20), with His role in creation and redemption held in perfect balance.

The letter's vocabulary and style share significant overlap with Ephesians—both written around the same time and dealing with related themes. Words rare or unique in Paul appear: 'fullness' (pleroma), 'elemental spirits' (stoicheia), terms for spiritual powers, and the title 'image of the invisible God.' The theological density and cosmic scope resemble Ephesians more than Paul's earlier letters.

Paul employs antithetical structures—contrasts that clarify truth by juxtaposing opposites. Substance versus shadow (2:17), wisdom versus empty deceit (2:8), things above versus things on earth (3:2), the old self versus the new self (3:9-10). These contrasts sharpen the letter's polemic edge—Paul is not negotiating but declaring incompatibilities.

The ethical section (3:1-4:6) follows Paul's typical pattern: indicative precedes imperative, theology grounds ethics. 'Since you were raised with Christ' (3:1) provides the foundation for 'put to death what is earthly' (3:5). The 'putting off' and 'putting on' metaphor (3:8-14) powerfully depicts transformation—like changing clothes, believers discard the old life's vices and don the new life's virtues.

Inclusio brackets major sections, repeating themes at beginning and end to signal boundaries. The 'word of truth, the gospel' (1:5) returns at the end (4:5-6). 'Walk' appears at the letter's beginning (1:10) and end (4:5). Christ's supremacy announced early (1:15-20) is reasserted throughout. These literary devices create a unified, cohesive argument.

Theological Significance

Colossians presents Christianity's highest Christology—the doctrine of Christ's person and work. Christ is the image of the invisible God (1:15), not a created likeness but the exact representation of God's nature. He is the firstborn over all creation (1:15), not the first created being but the heir and sovereign ruler. By Him all things were created (1:16)—not by angels, not by emanations, but by Christ Himself. All things in heaven and earth, visible and invisible, including all spiritual powers (thrones, dominions, rulers, authorities), were created through Him and for Him. Christ is not part of creation but creation's source and goal.

Christ exists before all things and in Him all things hold together (1:17). He is not merely first temporally but preeminent ontologically. The universe's cohesion and continued existence depend on His sustaining power. He is also head of the body, the church (1:18), possessing authority and providing life and direction. He is the firstborn from the dead (1:18), the first to rise to immortal resurrection life, guaranteeing believers' future resurrection. In Him all the fullness was pleased to dwell (1:19)—the totality of deity resides permanently in Christ.

The doctrine of cosmic reconciliation appears in 1:20—through Christ's blood shed on the cross, God is reconciling all things to Himself, whether on earth or in heaven. This does not necessarily mean universal salvation but that Christ's work addresses the entire created order's fallenness, ultimately bringing all things under His lordship (cf. Philippians 2:10-11; 1 Corinthians 15:24-28). The scope of redemption matches the scope of creation—as comprehensive as the fall's damage.

Union with Christ dominates the ethical section. Believers have died with Christ (2:20; 3:3), severing connection to the old life and the world's elementary principles. They have been raised with Christ (2:12; 3:1), sharing His resurrection life. They have been buried with Him in baptism (2:12), identifying with His death. Their life is hidden with Christ in God (3:3), secure and protected. When Christ who is our life appears, believers will appear with Him in glory (3:4). This union is both positional (already accomplished) and experiential (to be lived out).

The sufficiency of Christ addresses the Colossian heresy directly. In Him dwells all the fullness of deity bodily (2:9)—not partially or symbolically but completely and permanently. Believers are complete in Him (2:10)—nothing is lacking, no additional knowledge or experience is needed. Christ has disarmed the rulers and authorities, making a public spectacle of them and triumphing over them in the cross (2:15). The spiritual powers the false teachers wanted to placate or worship are defeated enemies. Christ alone is sufficient for salvation and sanctification.

Colossians develops a theology of freedom from religious regulations. Believers have died with Christ to the elementary principles of the world (2:20)—whether Jewish laws, pagan superstitions, or philosophical speculations. Why then submit to regulations: 'Do not handle, Do not taste, Do not touch' (2:21)? These have an appearance of wisdom in self-made religion and asceticism but are of no value in stopping the indulgence of the flesh (2:23). External rules cannot produce internal transformation. Christ, not regulations, delivers from sin's power.

The letter addresses mystery theology—God's plan hidden for ages and now revealed. The mystery is Christ in you, the hope of glory (1:27). What was unknown in previous generations—that Gentiles would be full members of God's people, indwelt by Christ through the Spirit—is now disclosed. The mystery is not secret knowledge for spiritual elites but Christ Himself, accessible to all who believe. Wisdom and knowledge are found in Christ (2:3), not in esoteric speculation.

New creation emerges in 3:10-11. The new self is being renewed in knowledge after the image of its creator. In this new humanity, ethnic distinctions (Greek and Jew), religious distinctions (circumcised and uncircumcised), cultural distinctions (barbarian, Scythian), and social distinctions (slave and free) are abolished. Christ is all and in all—He defines identity, establishes unity, and creates a new community transcending human divisions.

Christ in Colossians

Colossians presents Christ as supreme over all creation and sufficient for all salvation. He is the image of the invisible God (1:15)—not a created image but the exact representation of God's nature, the visible manifestation of the invisible God. He is the firstborn over all creation (1:15), the heir and sovereign ruler, possessing the rights and authority that belong to the firstborn. This is a title of supremacy, not a claim that He is created.

Christ is creator of all things (1:16)—all things in heaven and earth, visible and invisible, including all spiritual powers (thrones, dominions, rulers, authorities), were created through Him and for Him. Nothing exists that He did not create. He is before all things (1:17), existing prior to and supreme over creation. In Him all things hold together (1:17)—the universe's continued existence and cohesion depend on His sustaining power. Remove Christ and creation collapses.

He is head of the body, the church (1:18), possessing authority over it and providing it with life and direction. He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead (1:18), the first to rise to immortal resurrection life, guaranteeing believers' future resurrection. His supremacy extends over both creation (as its source) and new creation (as the firstfruits of resurrection). In Him all the fullness was pleased to dwell (1:19)—the totality of deity resides in Christ, permanently and bodily (2:9).

Through Christ, God is reconciling all things to Himself (1:20), making peace through the blood of His cross (1:20). The crucifixion is not defeat but victory, the means by which hostile powers are defeated and rebellious creation is brought back under God's reign. Believers who were alienated and hostile have been reconciled in His body of flesh by His death (1:22) to be presented holy, blameless, and above reproach.

The mystery hidden for ages is Christ in you, the hope of glory (1:27). Christ indwells believers by His Spirit, transforming them and guaranteeing future glorification. All the treasures of wisdom and knowledge are hidden in Him (2:3)—not in esoteric philosophy or mystical experiences but in Christ alone. In Him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily (2:9), and believers are complete in Him (2:10).

Christ has disarmed the rulers and authorities (2:15), stripping them of their power and weapons. He made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them in the cross (2:15). What appeared to be Christ's defeat—crucifixion—was actually His victory parade, leading conquered enemies in triumphal procession. The spiritual powers have been definitively defeated.

Christ is our life (3:4). He is not merely the source of life or the example for life—He is life itself. Our true life is hidden with Christ in God (3:3), secure and protected. When Christ appears, we will appear with Him in glory (3:4). The Christian hope is not disembodied existence but resurrection glory when Christ returns. Whatever you do, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus (3:17)—He is Lord over every sphere of life.

Relationship to the New Testament

Colossians shares profound connections with Ephesians, likely written at the same time. Both address Christ's supremacy, the church as His body, the mystery now revealed, spiritual warfare, household codes, and are carried by Tychicus. Ephesians emphasizes the church's unity and calling; Colossians emphasizes Christ's sufficiency against false teaching. They are companion pieces—Ephesians addressed to a region (Asia), Colossians to a specific church.

The Christ-hymn (Colossians 1:15-20) parallels the Christ-hymn in Philippians 2:6-11. Both present preexistence, role in creation (implied in Philippians), incarnation, death, exaltation, and universal lordship. Colossians emphasizes cosmic scope; Philippians emphasizes humility and obedience. Together they provide complementary portraits of Christ's person and work.

Colossians' teaching on union with Christ—dying and rising with Him (2:12, 20; 3:1, 3)—echoes Romans 6 and anticipates similar themes in Ephesians 2. Baptism symbolizes identification with Christ in death and resurrection. The old self is crucified; the new self lives to God. This foundational doctrine undergirds Christian sanctification.

The household codes (3:18-4:1) appear in similar form in Ephesians 5:22-6:9, 1 Peter 2:18-3:7, and 1 Timothy 6:1-2. These instructions show how the gospel transforms existing social structures from within. While not immediately overturning the institution of slavery, Paul's teaching undermined it by establishing the equality of master and slave before Christ and demanding just treatment.

Colossians' polemic against worship of angels (2:18) contrasts with Hebrews defense of Christ's superiority to angels (Hebrews 1-2). Both establish that Christ is not one among many spiritual mediators but the unique, superior, and sufficient mediator between God and humanity. No angelic intermediaries are needed or acceptable.

The theme of Christ's sufficiency anticipates the book of Hebrews, which argues that Christ's priesthood, sacrifice, and covenant are superior to and replace the old order. Both letters combat the temptation to add requirements to simple faith in Christ. Christ is not insufficient or preliminary—He is the final and complete revelation and provision.

Colossians' vision of cosmic reconciliation (1:20) connects to Paul's vision in Romans 8 of creation's groaning and liberation. The fall affected all creation; redemption's scope matches the fall's. Christ will restore not just humanity but the entire created order, bringing all things under His lordship. This provides the framework for understanding Christ's kingdom and the new heavens and new earth.

Practical Application

Colossians warns against the perennial temptation to add to Christ's sufficiency. In the Colossian context, the additions were Jewish laws, mystical experiences, and ascetic disciplines. In contemporary contexts, the additions might be: church membership, speaking in tongues, political activism, therapeutic techniques, spiritual disciplines, or cultural practices elevated to requirements. The test remains: Does this teaching present Christ as insufficient? If salvation or spiritual maturity requires Christ plus anything else, it is false teaching.

The letter calls believers to maintain theological vigilance. 'See to it that no one takes you captive by philosophy and empty deceit' (2:8). False teaching often appears sophisticated, spiritual, and sincere. It may have 'an appearance of wisdom' (2:23). But appearance is not reality. Believers must test all teaching against the sufficiency and supremacy of Christ. Does it exalt Christ or supplement Him? Does it point to Christ or to human achievement?

Christ's supremacy over all creation addresses contemporary issues of science, philosophy, and competing worldviews. Christ is not one religious option among many or one explanation for ultimate reality. He is the creator, sustainer, and goal of all that exists. All truth is God's truth, and all truth ultimately points to Christ. Scientific discovery, philosophical inquiry, and cultural exploration, rightly understood, reveal Christ's wisdom and glory.

The doctrine of completeness in Christ (2:10) frees believers from the treadmill of performance and achievement. We are not incomplete Christians striving for fullness but complete in Christ, growing into the fullness we already possess positionally. Spiritual maturity is not climbing a ladder to reach Christ but living out of union with Christ. We already have everything we need for life and godliness in Him (2 Peter 1:3).

Colossians teaches that ethics flow from theology. The indicatives of chapters 1-2 (who Christ is, what He has done) ground the imperatives of chapters 3-4 (how we should live). We put off vices and put on virtues not to become Christians but because we are in Christ. Transformation is not the condition for acceptance but the consequence of already being accepted in Christ.

The putting off and putting on metaphor (3:8-14) provides a practical framework for sanctification. Specific vices must be identified and decisively rejected—sexual immorality, impurity, anger, malice, slander, lying. Specific virtues must be intentionally cultivated—compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, patience, forgiveness, love. Transformation is both negative (ceasing sinful patterns) and positive (establishing righteous patterns).

Setting your mind on things above (3:2) is not escapism but proper focus. Our citizenship is in heaven; our life is hidden with Christ there; our hope is His appearing. This heavenly focus reorients earthly life—we pursue different goals, value different things, and endure trials differently. The hope of glory sustains us through present difficulties.

The principle that whatever you do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus (3:17) eliminates the sacred-secular divide. There is no secular sphere where Christ is not Lord. Work, family, leisure, citizenship—all come under Christ's authority and are opportunities for worship. Every task done for Christ's glory and in dependence on His grace is spiritual service.

Colossians addresses relationships with wisdom and grace. The household codes show how gospel transforms structures from within. Wives submit as fitting in the Lord; husbands love and are not harsh; children obey; fathers don't provoke; slaves work wholeheartedly for the Lord; masters treat slaves justly. Each party's responsibilities are defined, and all relationships operate under Christ's lordship. Power is constrained; service is dignified; mutuality is expected.

The letter calls for wise and gracious witness to outsiders (4:5-6). Walk in wisdom toward them, making the best use of time. Let your speech be gracious, seasoned with salt, knowing how to answer each person. Christian witness combines truth and grace, urgency and patience, boldness and courtesy. We represent Christ to a watching world.

Finally, Colossians reminds us that Christ is all and in all (3:11). Every distinction that divides humanity—ethnicity, religion, culture, social status—is overcome in Christ. The new humanity in Christ transcends and abolishes the old humanity's divisions. This vision confronts racism, classism, nationalism, and every ideology that divides people. In Christ's body, there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, barbarian nor Scythian—Christ is everything and in everyone.