1 Samuel 6:12

Authorized King James Version

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And the kine took the straight way to the way of Beth-shemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

Original Language Analysis

וַיִשַּׁ֨רְנָה took the straight H3474
וַיִשַּׁ֨רְנָה took the straight
Strong's: H3474
Word #: 1 of 24
to be straight or even; figuratively, to be (causatively, to make) right, pleasant, prosperous
הַפָּר֜וֹת And the kine H6510
הַפָּר֜וֹת And the kine
Strong's: H6510
Word #: 2 of 24
a heifer
דֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ to the way H1870
דֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ to the way
Strong's: H1870
Word #: 3 of 24
a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
עַל H5921
עַל
Strong's: H5921
Word #: 4 of 24
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
דֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ to the way H1870
דֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ to the way
Strong's: H1870
Word #: 5 of 24
a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
בֵּ֣ית H0
בֵּ֣ית
Strong's: H0
Word #: 6 of 24
שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃ of Bethshemesh H1053
שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃ of Bethshemesh
Strong's: H1053
Word #: 7 of 24
beth-shemesh, a place in palestine
בִּמְסִלָּ֣ה the highway H4546
בִּמְסִלָּ֣ה the highway
Strong's: H4546
Word #: 8 of 24
a thoroughfare (as turnpiked), literally or figuratively; specifically a viaduct, a staircase
אַחַ֗ת H259
אַחַ֗ת
Strong's: H259
Word #: 9 of 24
properly, united, i.e., one; or (as an ordinal) first
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along H1980
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 10 of 24
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along H1980
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 11 of 24
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
וְגָע֔וֹ lowing H1600
וְגָע֔וֹ lowing
Strong's: H1600
Word #: 12 of 24
to bellow (as cattle)
וְלֹא H3808
וְלֹא
Strong's: H3808
Word #: 13 of 24
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
סָ֖רוּ and turned not aside H5493
סָ֖רוּ and turned not aside
Strong's: H5493
Word #: 14 of 24
to turn off (literally or figuratively)
יָמִ֣ין to the right hand H3225
יָמִ֣ין to the right hand
Strong's: H3225
Word #: 15 of 24
the right hand or side (leg, eye) of a person or other object (as the stronger and more dexterous); locally, the south
וּשְׂמֹ֑אול or to the left H8040
וּשְׂמֹ֑אול or to the left
Strong's: H8040
Word #: 16 of 24
properly, dark (as enveloped), i.e., the north; hence (by orientation), the left hand
וְסַרְנֵ֤י and the lords H5633
וְסַרְנֵ֤י and the lords
Strong's: H5633
Word #: 17 of 24
an axle
פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ of the Philistines H6430
פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ of the Philistines
Strong's: H6430
Word #: 18 of 24
a pelishtite or inhabitant of pelesheth
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along H1980
הֹֽלְכִ֣ים and went along
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 19 of 24
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
אַֽחֲרֵיהֶ֔ם after H310
אַֽחֲרֵיהֶ֔ם after
Strong's: H310
Word #: 20 of 24
properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)
עַד H5704
עַד
Strong's: H5704
Word #: 21 of 24
as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)
גְּב֖וּל them unto the border H1366
גְּב֖וּל them unto the border
Strong's: H1366
Word #: 22 of 24
properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e., (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed
בֵּ֥ית H0
בֵּ֥ית
Strong's: H0
Word #: 23 of 24
שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃ of Bethshemesh H1053
שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃ of Bethshemesh
Strong's: H1053
Word #: 24 of 24
beth-shemesh, a place in palestine

Analysis & Commentary

And the kine took the straight way to the way of Beth-shemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

The Ark narrative reveals that God's presence cannot be manipulated through religious symbols or ritualistic practices. Israel's superstitious use of the Ark as a magical talisman demonstrated fundamental misunderstanding of covenant relationship. The Ark's capture and Israel's defeat prove that external religious forms without heart transformation provide no protection from judgment. Yet even in captivity, the Ark demonstrates Yahweh's supremacy—Dagon falls, plagues strike, and the Philistines recognize a power they cannot control or domesticate.

Historical Context

The Philistines, part of the 'Sea Peoples' who settled the coastal plain around 1200 BCE, possessed superior iron technology and organized military forces. Their pentapolis (five major cities: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath) controlled coastal trade routes and threatened Israelite settlements in the hill country. The Philistine threat created the political pressure that would eventually lead to Israel's demand for centralized monarchy.

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